In the second episode of the #NCNGeneration series, we speak with Prof. Michał Tomza from the Faculty of Physics at the University of Warsaw. The scientist discusses ultralow temperatures, precision measurements, and the asymmetry between matter and antimatter, as well as an experiment designed to measure the asymmetry of the electron – a phenomenon that may explain why matter prevails over antimatter in the universe.
NCN Generation comprises researchers making a significant contribution to the advancement of science. The second episode features Michał Tomza – a scientist dedicated to describing matter at ultralow temperatures, exploring the foundations of the quantum world, and contributing to the debate on the future of Polish science. The interview is conducted by Anna Korzekwa-Józefowicz.
Understanding why we exist
Michał Tomza focuses on one of the central problems of contemporary physics – explaining the origin of the difference between the amount of matter and antimatter in the universe. ‘One of the questions that interests us greatly at the moment is how to use our measurements and experimental systems to understand the difference between the amount of matter and antimatter in the universe,’ the scientist explains. ‘Current laws of physics cannot account for this.’
Michał Tomza’s team proposes an approach based on ultracold molecules, which allow exceptionally precise measurements to be carried out. The aim is to determine whether the electron exhibits a subtle asymmetry – a hypothesis that has not yet been confirmed experimentally. Such an effect could indicate an asymmetry in the laws of physics that explains why matter predominates over antimatter. ‘We have demonstrated that, using appropriately prepared ultracold molecules, it is possible to measure the electron’s “shape” with great precision,’ says Michał Tomza. ‘If this asymmetry can be observed, it would be an important step towards understanding why we exist at all.’
The scientist’s team has developed the theoretical concept for the experiment. On the basis of this work, a collaborating researcher from Florence secured nearly €2 million in funding for its implementation. ‘If the asymmetry can be observed within the next few years, the colleague conducting the experiment will have a strong chance of winning the Nobel Prize,’ says Michał Tomza.
The accuracy of one second against the age of the Universe
The research is conducted under conditions of extreme vacuum and ultralow temperatures, which simultaneously ‘silence’ the surroundings and amplify quantum effects. ‘Inside, there are fewer atoms than in interstellar space. We are simply trying to obtain nothing – perfect nothingness,’ the physicist describes. These conditions make it possible to achieve extreme measurement precision – of the order of one second relative to the age of the universe.
Michał Tomza is a theoretical physicist – his primary tools are mathematical models and calculations performed on supercomputers. On the basis of these, he describes possible phenomena and identifies what can be measured and how. He works closely with experimental teams in Poland and abroad, who verify these predictions in laboratories using sophisticated apparatus, including laser and optical systems. He brought an element of such apparatus to the studio – a vacuum chamber, that is, a component of the experimental system from which nearly all particles are removed in order to create conditions resembling interstellar space. In an environment prepared in this way, highly precise measurements and the study of quantum phenomena become possible.
Science is an investment that transforms the economy
When asked about the impact of basic research on economic development, Michał Tomza emphasises the need for broad funding of science. ‘We try to understand in order to learn to control. And once we learn to control, applications emerge,’ he explains. The history of science provides examples: the laser, the transistor, electrical current – each of these discoveries grew out of basic research before becoming a technology. ‘Even if just one in a hundred scientists discovers something that becomes a breakthrough technology – that will already change the economy,’ he adds. Equally important, in his view, is the indirect contribution of science: educating students, building intellectual attitudes, and developing the humanities as a tool for understanding the relationship between society and technology.
The path to independence with NCN
NCN funding enabled the scientist to return to Poland after a period abroad and to begin independent research. ‘Thanks to this funding, I was able to build my own team,’ he says. The results obtained from the first NCN grants, supplemented by funding from the Foundation for Polish Science, became the strongest part of the application for a European Research Council grant – and it was these results that, in Tomza’s view, determined his success. What advice does he have for young researchers? He points to the importance of ambition and consistency. ‘I see a far weaker link between intellect and ability on the one hand and outcomes on the other than between hard work, motivation, and passion,’ he says. ‘Consistency is what yields the best results.’
The first episode of the series featured Dr hab. Aleksandra Rutkowska from the Medical University of Gdańsk. The next episode will feature Dr Małgorzata Kot, an archaeologist from the University of Warsaw. The premiere is scheduled for 16 April.